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Nutrition in Plants (Chapter 1)

Food is essential for all living organisms.

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are components of food.

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals components of food are called nutrients.

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are necessary for our body.

All living organisms require food.

Plants can synthesise food for themselves but animals including humans cannot.

They get it from plants or animals that eat plants. Humans and animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants.

MODE OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS

Plants are the only organisms that can prepare food for themselves by using water, carbon dioxide and minerals.

Water, carbon dioxide and minerals are Raw materials that are present in their surroundings.

The nutrients enable living organisms to build their bodies, to grow, to repair damaged parts of their bodies and provide the energy to carry out life processes.

Nutrition is the mode of taking food by an organism and its utilisation by the body.

The mode of nutrition in which organisms make food themselves from simple substances is called autotrophic (auto = self; trophos = nourishment) nutrition.

Plants make food themselves from simple substances so plant are called autotrophs.

Animals and most other organisms take in food prepared by plants. They are called heterotrophs (heteros = other).

PHOTOSYNTHESIS — FOOD MAKING PROCESS IN PLANTS

Leaves are the food factories of plants.

All the raw materials must reach the leaf. Water and minerals present in the soil are absorbed by the roots and transported to the leaves.

Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through the tiny pores present on the surface of leaves. These pores are surrounded by ‘guard cells’. These pores are called stomata.

Water and minerals are transported to the leaves by the vessels which run like pipes throughout the root, the stem, the branches and the leaves. They form a continuous path or passage for the nutrients to reach the leaf. They are called vessels.

The leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll.

chlorophyll helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight. This energy is used to synthesise (prepare) food from carbon dioxide and water.

The synthesis of food occurs in the presence of sunlight, it is called photosynthesis (Photo: light; synthesis : to combine).

Chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are necessary to carry out the process of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesisis a unique process on the earth.

The solar energy is captured by the leaves and stored in the plant in the form of food.

Sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.

In the absence of photosynthesis there would not be any food and would be impossible on the earth. The survival of almost all living organisms directly or indirectly depends upon the food made by the plants.

Oxygen which is essential for the survival of all organisms is produced during photosynthesis.

The process of photosynthesis can be represented in an equation:

Carbon dioxide+water→Carbohydrate+oxygen

During the process of photosynthesis oxygen is released.

The presence of starch in leaves indicates the occurrence of photosynthesis.

Starch is also a carbohydrate.

The leaves other than green also have chlorophyll. The large amount of red, brown and other pigments mask the green colour. Photosynthesis takes place in these leaves also.

Algae can also prepare their own food by photosynthesis.

Synthesis of plant food other than carbohydrates

The carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These are used to synthesise other components of food such as proteins and fats.

Proteins are nitrogenous substances which contain nitrogen.

Nitrogen is present in abundance in gaseous form in the air. Soil has certain bacteria that convert gaseous nitrogen into a usable form and release it into the soil.

Nitrogen are absorbed by the plants along with water.

Farmers adding fertilisers rich in nitrogen to the soil. In this way the plants fulfil their requirements of nitrogen along with the other constituents.

OTHER MODES OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS

Which plants do not have chlorophyll. They cannot synthesise food. Like humans and animals such plants depend on the food produced by other plants. They use the heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

A yellow wiry branched structure twining around the stem and branches of a tree called Cuscuta (Amarbel). Cuscuta (Amarbel) does not have chlorophyll.

Cuscuta (Amarbel) takes readymade food from the plant on which it is climbing.

The plant on which Cuscuta (Amarbel) climbs is called the host.

Cuscuta is called the parasite.

There are a few plants which can trap insects and digest them. Is it not amazing? Such plants may be green or of some other colour.

The pitcher-like or jug-like structure is the modified part of leaf. The apex of the leaf forms a lid which can open and close the mouth of the pitcher. Inside the pitcher there are hair which are directed downwards. When an insect lands in the pitcher, the lid closes and the trapped insect gets entangled into the hair. The lid closes and the insect is trapped. The insect is digested by the digestive juices secreted in the pitcher and its nutrients are absorbed. Such insect-eating plants are called insectivorous plants.

SAPROTROPHS

Packets of mushrooms, fluffy umbrella-like patches growing in moist soils or on rotting wood during the rainy season, organisms are called fungi.

Fungi have a different mode of nutrition. Fungi absorb the nutrients from the bread. This mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition.

Fungi organisms with saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprotrophs.

Fungi also grow on pickles, leather, clothes and other articles that are left in hot and humid weather for long time. During the rainy season they spoil many things.

Some organisms live together and share both shelter and nutrients. This relationship is called symbiosis. For example, certain fungi live inside the roots of plants. The plants provide nutrients to the fungus and, in return, the fungus provides water and certain nutrients.

In organisms called lichens, a chlorophyll-containing partner, which is an alga, and a fungus live together. The fungus provides shelter, water and minerals to the alga and, in return, the alga prepares and provides food to the fungus.

HOW NUTRIENTS ARE REPLENISHED IN THE SOIL

Plants absorb minerals and nutrients from the soil. So, their amounts in the soil keep on declining. Fertilisers and manures contain nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, etc.

These nutrients need to be added from time to time to enrich the soil. We can grow plants and keep them healthy if we can fulfil the nutrient requirement of plants.

Crop plants absorb a lot of nitrogen and the soil becomes deficient in nitrogen.

The bacterium called Rhizobium can take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a usable form. But Rhizobium cannot make its own food.

Rhizobium often lives in the roots of gram, peas, moong, beans and other legumes and provides them with nitrogen. In return, the plants provide food and shelter to the bacteria. They, thus, have a symbiotic relationship. This association is of great significance for the farmers. They can reduce the use of nitrogenous fertiliser where leguminous plants are grown.

Most of the pulses (dals) are obtained from leguminous plants.

Most of the plants are autotrophs. Only a few plants are parasitic or saprotrophic. They derive nutrition from other organisms.

All animals are categorised as heterotrophs since they depend on plants and other animals for food.

Keywords

Autotrophic
Autotrophs
Bacterium
Chlorophyll
Cuscuta
Heterotrophs
Host
Insectivorous
leguminous plants
Nutrient
Nutrition
organisms
Parasite
Photosynthesis
Pores
Rhizobium
Saprotrophs
Saprotrophic
Starch
Stomata

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