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Nutrition in Animals (chapter 2)

Plants can prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis but animals cannot.

Animals get their food from plants, either directly by eating plants or indirectly by eating animals that eat plants. Some animals eat both plants and animals.

All organisms including humans require food for growth, repair and functioning of the body. Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of intake of food and its utilisation in the body.

The components of food are complex substances. These complex substances cannot be utilised as such. So they are broken down into simpler substances.

The breakdown of complex components of food into simpler substances is called digestion.

DIFFERENT WAYS OF TAKING FOOD

The mode of taking food into the body varies in different organisms. Bees and humming-birds suck the nectar of plants, infants of human and many other animals feed on mother’s milk. Snakes like the python swallow the animals they prey upon. Some aquatic animals filter tiny food particles floating nearby and feed upon them.

DIGESTION IN HUMANS

We take in food through the mouth, digest and utilise it.

The unused parts of the food are defecated. The food passes through a continuous canal which begins at the buccal cavity and ends at the anus.

The canal can be divided into various compartments:

(1) the buccal cavity
(2) food-pipe or oesophagus
(3) stomach
(4) small intestine
(5) large intestine ending in the rectum
(6) the anus.

All These parts together form the alimentary canal (digestive tract).

The food components gradually get digested as food travels through the various compartments. The inner walls of the stomach and the small intestine, and the various glands associated with the canal such as salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas secrete digestive juices.

The digestive juices convert complex substances of food into simpler ones. The digestive tract and the associated glands together constitute the digestive system.

The mouth and buccal cavity

Food is taken into the body through the mouth. The process of taking food into the body is called ingestion. We chew the food with the teeth and break it down mechanically into small pieces. Our teeth vary in appearance and perform different functions. Teeth used for biting and cutting, piercing and tearing and, chewing and grinding?

Our mouth has the salivary glands which secrete saliva. The saliva breaks down the starch into sugars.

The tongue is a fleshy muscular organ attached at the back to the floor of the buccal cavity.

Tongue is free at the front and can be moved in all directions.

We use our tongue for talking. Besides, it mixes saliva with the food during chewing and helps in swallowing food.

We also taste food with our tongue. It has taste buds that detect different tastes of food.

The food-pipe/oesophagus

The swallowed food passes into the food-pipe or oesophagus.

The food-pipe runs along the neck and the chest. Food is pushed down by movement of the wall of the food-pipe.

This movement takes place throughout the alimentary canal and pushes the food downwards.

The food is not accepted by our stomach and is vomited out.

The stomach

The stomach is a thick-walled bag. Its shape is like a flattened J and it is the widest part of the alimentary canal. It receives food from the food pipe at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other.

The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices.

The mucous protects the lining of the stomach.

The acid kills many bacteria that enter along with the food and makes the medium in the stomach acidic and helps the digestive juices to act.

The digestive juices break down the proteins into simpler substances.

The small intestine

The small intestine is highly coiled and is about 7.5 metres long. It receives secretions from the liver and the pancreas. Besides, its wall also secretes juices.

The liver is a reddish brown gland situated in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side.

The liver is the largest gland in the body.

The liver secretes bile juice that is stored in a sac called the gall bladder.

The bile plays an important role in the digestion of fats. The pancreas is a large cream coloured gland located just below the stomach.

The pancreatic juice acts on carbohydrates, fats and proteins and changes them into simpler forms.

The partly digested food now reaches the lower part of the small intestine where the intestinal juice completes the digestion of all components of the food.

The carbohydrates get broken into simple sugars such as glucose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids.

Absorption in the small intestine

The digested food can now pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine. This process is called absorption.

The inner walls of the small intestine have thousands of finger-like outgrowths. These are called villi (singular villus).

The villi increase the surface area for absorption of the digested food. Each villus has a network of thin and small blood vessels close to its surface.

The surface of the villi absorbs the digested food materials. The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by the body. This is called assimilation.

In the cells, glucose breaks down with the help of oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, and energy is released.

The food that remains undigested and unabsorbed enters into the large intestine.

Large intestine

The large intestine is wider and shorter than small intestine.

The large intestine is about 1.5 metre in length.

The large intestine function is to absorb water and some salts from the undigested food material. The remaining waste passes into the rectum and remains there as semi-solid faeces.

The faecal matter is removed through the anus from time-to-time. This is called egestion.

DIGESTION IN GRASS-EATING ANIMALS

Cows, buffaloes and other grass-eating animals chewing continuously even when they are not eating.

They quickly swallow the grass and store it in a part of the stomach called rumen.

The food gets partially digested and is called cud. But later the cud returns to the mouth in small lumps and the animal chews it. This process is called rumination and these animals are called ruminants.

The grass is rich in cellulose, a type of carbohydrate. In ruminants like cattle, deer, etc., bacteria present in rumen helps in digestion of cellulose.

Many animals, including humans, cannot digest cellulose.

Animals like horses, rabbit, etc., have a large sac-like structure called Caecum between the oesophagus and the small intestine.

The cellulose of the food is digested here by the action of certain bacteria which are not present in humans.

FEEDING AND DIGESTION IN AMOEBA

Amoeba is a microscopic single-celled organism found in pond water.

Amoeba has a cell membrane, a rounded, dense nucleus and many small bubble-like vacuoles in its cytoplasm.

Amoeba constantly changes its shape and position. It pushes out one, or more finger-like projections, called pseudopodia or false feet for movement and capture of food.

Amoeba feeds on some microscopic organisms. When it senses food, it pushes out pseudopodia around the food particle and engulfs it. The food becomes trapped in a food vacuole.

Digestive juices are secreted into the food vacuole.

Digestive juices act on the food and break it down into simpler substances.

The digested food is absorbed. The absorbed substances are used for growth, maintenance and multiplication.

The undigested residue of the food is expelled outside by the vacuole. The basic process of digestion of food and release of energy is the same in all animals.

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