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WEATHER
The daily weather report carries information about the
temperature, humidity and rainfall during the past 24 hours.
It also predicts the weather for the day. Humidity is a
measure of the moisture in air.
The maximum and minimum temperatures recorded may be the
same for some of the days. But All the parameters are not the same on any two
days.
The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a place with
respect to the temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind-speed, etc., is called the
weather at that place.
The temperature, humidity, and other factors are called the
elements of the weather.
The weather of a place changes day after day and week after
week.
The weather is such a complex phenomenon that it can vary
over very short periods of time.
The maximum and minimum temperatures are recorded every day.
The temperatures are recorded by special thermometers are called
maximum and minimum thermometers.
The maximum temperature of the day occurs generally in the
afternoon while the minimum temperature occurs generally in the early morning.
CLIMATE
Meteorologists record the weather every day.
The records of the weather have been preserved for the past several
decades. These help us to determine the weather pattern at a place.
The average weather pattern taken over a long time, say 25
years, is called the climate of the place.
The temperature at a place is high most of the time, then we
say that the climate of that place is hot.
If there is also heavy rainfall on most of the days in the same place, then we can say that the climate of that place is hot and wet.
Kerala is very hot and wet.
Jammu & Kashmir a moderately hot and wet climate for a
part of the year.
Rajasthan, will show that the temperature is high during
most part of the year. But during winter, which lasts only for a few months,
the temperature is quite low. This region receives very little rainfall. This
is the typical desert climate. It is hot and dry.
The north-eastern India receives rain for a major part of
the year. Therefore, we can say that the climate of the north-east is wet.
CLIMATE AND ADAPTATION
Climate has a profound effect on all living organisms.
Animals are adapted to survive in the conditions in which
they live.
Animals living in very cold and hot climate must possess
special features to protect themselves against the extreme cold or heat.
Features and habits that help animals to adapt to their
surroundings are a result of the process of evolution.
The adaptation of animals to climatic conditions, we discuss
only animals living in polar regions and tropical rainforests.
The polar regions are situated near the poles, i.e., north
pole and south pole.
Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Alaska
in U.S.A. and Siberian region of Russia are belong to the polar regions.
India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, Republic of Congo,
Kenya, Uganda, and Nigeria are the tropical rainforests are found.
(i) The polar regions
The polar regions present an extreme climate. These regions
are covered with snow and it is very cold for most part of the year.
For six months the sun does not set at the poles while for
the other six months the sun does not rise.
In winters, the temperature can be as low as –37°C. Animals
living there have adapted to these severe conditions.
Polar bears have white fur so that they are not easily
visible in the snowy white background. It protects them from their predators.
fur also helps them in catching their prey.
To protect them from extreme cold, they have two thick
layers of fur. They also have a layer of fat under their skin.
In fact, they are so well-insulated that they have to move
slowly and rest often to avoid getting overheated.
Physical activities on warm days necessitate cooling. So,
the polar bear goes for swimming.
The polar bear is a good swimmer.
The polar bear paws are wide and large, which help it not
only to swim well but also walk with ease in the snow.
While swimming under water, it can close its nostrils and can
remain under water for long durations.
The polar bear has a strong sense of smell so that it can
catch its prey for food.
the polar regions is the penguin.
Penguin is also white and merges well with the white
background.
Penguin also has a thick skin and a lot of fat to protect it
from cold.
Penguin huddled together.
Like polar bears, penguins are also good swimmers. Their
bodies are streamlined and their feet have webs, making them good swimmers.
Other animals living in the polar regions are many types of
fishes, musk oxen, reindeers, foxes, seals, whales, and birds.
It is to be noted that while fish can remain under cold
water for long, birds must remain warm to survive.
They migrate to warmer regions when winter sets in. They
come back after the winter is over.
India is one of the destinations of many of these birds.
The Siberian crane that comes from Siberia to places like
Bharatpur in Rajasthan and Sultanpur in Haryana, and some wetlands of north
east and some other parts of India.
(ii) The tropical rainforests
The tropical region has generally a hot climate because of
its location around the equator.
Even in the coldest month the temperature is generally
higher than about 15°C.
During hot summers, the temperature may cross 40°C.
Days and nights are almost equal in length throughout the
year.
These regions get plenty of rainfall. An important feature
of this region is the tropical rainforests.
Tropical rainforests are found in Western Ghats and Assam in
India, Southeast Asia, Central America and Central Africa. Because of
continuous warmth and rain, this region supports wide variety of plants and
animals.
The major types of animals living in the rainforests are
monkeys, apes, gorillas, tigers, elephants, leopards, lizards, snakes, birds
and insects.
Climatic conditions in rainforests are highly suitable for
supporting an enormous number and a variety of animals.
The numbers are large, there is intense competition for food
and shelter. Many animals are adapted to living on the trees.
Red-eyed frog has developed sticky pads on its feet to help
it climb trees on which it lives.
To help them live on the trees, monkeys have long tails for
grasping branches. Their hands and feet are such that they can easily hold on
to the branches.
As there is competition for food, some animals are adapted
to get food not easily reachable. A striking example is that of the bird Toucan,
which possesses a long, large beak. This helps a toucan to reach the fruits on
branches which are otherwise too weak to support its weight.
Many tropical animals have sensitive hearing, sharp
eyesight, thick skin and a skin colour which helps them to camouflage by
blending with the surroundings. This is to protect them from predators. For
example, big cats (lions and tigers) have thick skins and sensitive hearing.
The lion-tailed macaque (also called Beard ape) lives in the
rainforests of Western Ghats.
Its most outstanding feature is the silver-white mane, which
surrounds the head from the cheeks down to its chin.
It is a good climber and spends a major part of its life on
the tree. It feeds mainly on fruits. It also eats seeds, young leaves, stems,
flowers and buds.
This beard ape also searches for insects under the bark of
the trees. Since it is able to get sufficient food on the trees, it rarely
comes down on the ground.
Animal of Indian tropical rainforest is the elephant.
It has adapted to the conditions of rainforests in many
remarkable ways. Look at its trunk. It uses it as a nose because of which it
has a strong sense of smell.
The trunk is also used by it for picking up food. Moreover,
its tusks are modified teeth. These can tear the bark of trees that elephant
loves to eat.
The elephant is able to handle the competition for food
rather well. Large ears of the elephant help it to hear even very soft sounds.
They also help the elephant to keep cool in the hot and humid climate of the
rainforest.
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